Rapid screening of DON contamination in whole wheat meals by Vis/NIR spectroscopy and computer vision coupling technology

This work intends to develop an online experimental system for screening of deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in whole wheat meals by visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy and computer vision coupling technology. Spectral and image information of samples with various DON levels was collected at speed of 0.15 m s⁻¹ on a conveyor belt. The two-type data were then integrated and subjected to chemometric analysis. Discriminant analysis showed that samples could be classified by setting 1000 μg kg⁻¹ as the cut-off value. The best correct classified rate obtained in prediction was 93.55% based on fusion of spectral and image features, with reduced prediction uncertainty as compared to single feature. However, quantification of DON by quantitative analysis was not successful due to poor model performance. These results indicate that, although not accurate enough to provide conclusive result, this coupling technology could be adopted for rapid screening of DON contamination in cereals and feeds during processing.     

Stabilization of 6H-Hexagonal SrMnO3 Polymorph by Al2O3 insertion

We demonstrate the structural evolution of polymorphic phases in Al₂O₃-inserted SrMnO₃ ceramics synthesized by solid state reaction. While the 4H-hexagonal phase is predominant in pure SrMnO₃ ceramics, a small amount of 6H-hexagonal polymorph is identified in addition to the primary 4H-hexagonal SrMnO₃ and the secondary hexagonal SrAl₂O₄ phases in the as-sintered ceramics, evidenced by x-ray diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement analyses. The existence of the 6H-hexagonal SrMnO₃ phase is corroborated using Raman spectroscopy. The chemical compositions and electronic structures of the Al₂O₃-inserted SrMnO₃ compounds are also examined using energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The first-principles calculations reveal that there is no clear difference between the total energies of 4H- and 6H-hexagonal polymorphs regardless of the presence/absence of Sr and oxygen vacancies. Possible origins are discussed with the estimation of actual strain based on the refined lattice parameter of 6H SrMnO₃.     

Interfacial Crystallization of Diacylglycerols Rich in Medium‐ and Long‐Chain Fatty Acids in Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions

The effects of diacylglycerols rich in medium‐ and long‐chain fatty acids (MLCD) on the crystallization of hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) and formation of 10% water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion are studied, and compared with the common surfactants monostearoylglycerol (MSG) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR). Polarized light microscopy reveals that emulsions made with MLCD form crystals around dispersed water droplets and promotes HPO crystallization at the oil‐water interface. Similar behavior is also observed in MSG‐stabilized emulsions, but is absent from emulsions made with PGPR. The large deformation yield value of the test W/O emulsion is increased four‐fold versus those stabilized via PGPR due to interfacial crystallization of HPO. However, there are no large differences in droplet size, solid fat content (SFC), thermal behavior or polymorphism to account for these substantial changes, implying that the spatial distribution of the HPO crystals within the crystal network is the driving factor responsible for the observed textural differences. MLCD‐covered water droplets act as active fillers and interact with surrounding fat crystals to enhance the rigidity of emulsion. This study provides new insights regarding the use of MLCD in W/O emulsions as template for interfacial crystallization and the possibility of tailoring their large deformation behavior. Practical Applications: MLCD is applied in preparing W/O emulsion. It is found that MLCD forms unique interfacial Pickering crystals around water droplets, which promote the surface‐inactive HPO nucleation at the oil‐water interface. Thus MLCD‐covered water droplets act as active fillers and interact with surrounding fat crystals, which can greatly enhance the rigidity of emulsion. This observation would provide a theoretical reference and practical basis for the application of the MLCD with appreciable nutritional properties in lipid‐rich products such as whipped cream, shortenings margarine, butter and ice cream, so as to substitute hydrogenated oil. MLCD‐stabilized emulsions can also be explored for the development of novel confectionery products, lipsticks, or controlled release matrices.     

溶胀嵌入脂肪酸分子制备高脱硼反渗透膜

采用“溶胀-嵌入-收缩”方法改性聚酰胺反渗透膜，制备了一种高脱硼反渗透膜。通过甲醇溶胀增加了高分子链之间的距离，为疏水性癸酸分子的嵌入提供了场所，然后在压力和浓差极化共同作用下，改性分子选择性嵌入聚酰胺膜的孔内；当甲醇分子离开后，聚酰胺膜收缩将癸酸分子固定在高分子网络中。实验借助溶胀和分子嵌入以及溶胀后的收缩调节聚酰胺膜的孔径大小；利用脂肪酸的疏水性降低聚酰胺膜的极性，从而实现增加空间位阻和减少氢键结合位点数量的目的。实验结果显示，改性膜的脱硼率和截盐率均明显升高，截盐率从90.36%增加到96.46%，脱硼率从未改性膜的47.85%增加到77.32%，渗透液的硼含量达到WTO的使用标准。虽然水和硼的渗透性均下降，但是水和硼的渗透选择性增加，证明该方法有利于提高水硼选择性。     

超细粉在内循环流化床中的流态化特性

在内径120 mm的半圆柱形内循环流化床中,以平均粒径387 nm的Ti O2为原料,考察了单独通入流化气、射流气和同时通入流化气和射流气三种流化方式下超细粉的流化特性以及射流气速对超细粉聚团尺寸的影响。结果表明:同时通入流化气和射流气时,流化气能促进粉体循环,消除环隙死区;高速射流能有效破碎聚团,显著减小聚团尺寸,从而使超细粉在环隙区与导流管之间形成稳定循环,小聚团在环隙区实现平稳流态化。随着射流气速的增大,聚团尺寸减小,粒度分布变窄,在射流气速分别为60,90,120,150 m/s的条件下,聚团平均直径分别为194,158,147,135μm。     

Wear mechanism of a novel AlSiMgAl2O4Al2O3 composite used in the low vessel of an RH secondary refining furnace

A novel AlSiMgAl₂O₄Al₂O₃ composite brick was prepared and evaluated in the low vessel of an RH (the initials of Ruhrstahl and Hereaeus) secondary refining furnace; it was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that after use, the AlSiMgAl₂O₄Al₂O₃ composite has a functional gradient with an erosion zone–reinforced zone–original zone phase distribution, in which the phases in the erosion zone (0–1.8?cm) are a Mg-hercynite spinel solid solution, α-Al₂O₃, and minor amount of Al₃Fe₅O₁₂. Furthermore, the phases in the reinforced zone (1.8–5.0?cm) are γ-AlON, 21RSiAlON, SiC, Mg_0.388Al_2.408O₄, and α-Al₂O₃; i.e., the Al and Si in the composite are completely converted into non-oxide reinforced phases. Finally, the phases in the original zone (>5.0?cm) show no change. The reaction mechanism is as follows. During operation, a Mg-hercynite spinel solid solution is formed in the erosion zone due to a reaction between MgAl₂O₄ and FeO from a refinery operation. Therefore, the slag erosion of the material is improved. The Al and Si metals undergo active oxidation, and 21RSiAlON flakes are subsequently formed from the products of the metastable Al₂O(g), SiO(g), and N₂(g) in the ambient. The γ-AlON is formed by a carbothermal reduction nitridation of the α-Al₂O₃ and residual active carbon from the resin binder. The 21RSiAlON and γ-AlON reinforce the composite brick and improve its high temperature performance accordingly. Its service life is 110% that of the magnesia-chrome bricks used in the same period. The reaction model was also established.     

多排陶粒混凝土复合砌块结构优化设计分析

随着我国建筑节能工作的全面推进和不断深化,促进了新型墙体材料的研究和应用.参考相关规范,选取砌块主规格:长×宽×高=390 mm×240 mm×190 mm,根据空心砌块不同孔排数、交错程度和孔洞率,设计12种内部结构不同的空心砌块.通过有限元软件ABAQUS和加权求和法对混凝土自保温空心砌块进行结构优化设计,将优化后的砌块结构浇制成陶粒混凝土空心砌块,空心砌块孔洞由正交试验优化后的泡沫混凝土填充,定量分析不同配比条件下各种材料对泡沫混凝土热工和力学性能影响程度的大小,得到最优配比:水灰比41％,粉煤灰20％,碳酸锂0.16％,聚羧酸减水剂0.075％,微硅粉含量4％和硬质酸钙0.2％,泡沫混凝土的导热系数和抗压强度分别为0.0602 W/(m·K)和5.2 MPa.结合有限元数值模拟和试验研究,制得优化后的陶粒混凝土复合砌块,平均传热系数▉KC3=0.61 W/(m2·K),平均抗压强度10.11 MPa,强度等级达到MU10,同时满足节能65％的要求.     

交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘老化超低频介损试验及评价规程研究

本文基于通过检测电缆超低频介损值确定电缆老化程度的基本原理,结合某地实测得到的多组数据,通过国际规程IEEE 400.2—2013进行初步判断,分析处于不同状态下的电缆介损值的变化规律及其原因,并得出该规程仅适用于没有局部劣化的电缆.此外,由于我国电缆制造材料、结构和生产工艺与国外产品存在差异,采用国际规程判断电缆老化程度有时会变得不准确.为解决此类问题,本文建立更加全面的判据体系,给出最优判断阈值的确定方法,并对该地区实测得到的数据进行拟合,得到更加准确的分级判断阈值.此方法可为建立符合我国电缆实际情况的评价规程提供参考.